A Pioneer Spirit

The day had arrived that Emma would journey across the wide open sea to a new land. She had diligently saved her money for her ticket on the ship Helvetia. The journey would take forty days or more and there would be no turning back. All she had known was her birth place of Appelbo Sweden. Being a young lady her sights were fresh and untainted. With youth comes the freedom from unknown fears and the willingness to experience unsettled territories.
From the moment Emma stepped foot onto the Helvetia, her heart raced with excitement as she anticipated the journey ahead. The large crowds of people filed to their designated cabins, but many more would be escorted to the steerage below the ships deck. The massive trunks filled with treasured belongings were stored below and a carry on bag of personal necessities remained with each passenger.
One could feel the era of excitement as the passengers shuffled around. After the first and second class passengers settled in, many returned to the deck to wave farewell to those that were left behind. With arms waving, for some this would be their last farewell. The voices and cheers over shadowed the ships whistle that bellowed as the large vessel pulled from the shore. For a moment, there seemed to be an unsettling calm as the emotions of leaving their loved ones brought forth the reality of the journey ahead.
As they set sail, the waters were brisk and the smell of salt water filled the air. It was not long before there was music playing and many of the passengers were brought joy by and endless night of celebration and dancing. This was a time of festivities and the making of new friends that all shared one common virtue, a pioneer spirit.
C.A.Bresin

The development of passenger vessels made the journey easier, cheaper, and faster for many immigrants. By the 1870s, steam powered ships replaced sailing ships. They were bigger, faster and safer. Immigrants in the early 1800s had to endure voyages averaging 40 days, depending on weather; by the 1900's, the average voyage was only one week long.
In order to account for and regulate immigration, the US government established immigrant processing centers on both the East and West Coasts. 70% of the European immigrants beginning in 1855 would be dropped off at Castle Garden on Manhattan Island and pass a series of examinations. In 1892, a new immigrant center at Ellis Island was built to replace Castle Garden. On the West Coast, immigrants, mostly Chinese or Japanese, arrived through Seattle or Angel Island in San Francisco.
The increased convenience of immigration did not, however, imply a level of comfort for the immigrants anywhere near modern standards. Poor sanitation and food, as well as diseases such as cholera and typhus, were still common on the trans-Atlantic liners.
Immigrants who could only afford the minimal third-class fees of about $30 were referred to as "steerage passengers." The name came from the part of the ship, the steerage, where they were kept and which provided the cheapest possible accommodations. It was crowded below deck, and steerage passengers were seldom allowed to go up for fresh air. The trans-Atlantic shipping companies had not yet learned to provide efficient basic services, such as food, and often fed passengers nothing but soup or stew, and sometimes bread, biscuits, or potatoes.
Many immigrants had to wash themselves with salt water while drinking stagnant water that was stored in dirty casks. At the root of these problems was a mindset on the part of many of the companies that considered the immigrants "human cargo." These same companies would often ship American-made goods to Europe on the return trip, and could not yet see the essential distinction between transporting products and people. They would learn with time.
Even after the tough voyage, immigrants were not guaranteed entry to America. About 250,000 people (2% of all immigrants) were sent back home. 1st and 2nd class passengers were inspected on the ship, but 3rd class passengers had to go to Ellis or Angel Island for screening, waiting about three to five hours in line and undergoing inspections of both a medical and legal nature.
Officials at Ellis Island also did something that is not commonly done today. When they could not pronounce an immigrant's name, the immigration inspectors thought that this gave them the prerogative to change the name to something less difficult. Names like "Andrjuljawierjus" might be simplified to "Andrews" or something similar.
http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/268908/immigration_from_1870_to_1920_the_journey.html?cat=37